for most other ores. the second largest segment. Rare-earth elements in this category are used in the electric motors of hybrid and electric vehicles, generators in wind turbines, hard disc drives, portable electronics, microphones, speakers. [94] A research done in 2014 suggest a method to recycle REEs from waste nickel-metal hydride batteries, the recovery rate is found to be 95.16%. [83] New advances in recycling technology have made extraction of rare earths from these materials more feasible,[84] and recycling plants are currently operating in Japan, where there is an estimated 300,000 tons of rare earths stored in unused electronics. Scandium and Yttrium are listed as rare earth metals, although they are not part of the lanthanide series. [64], In central Spain, Ciudad Real Province, the proposed rare-earth mining project 'Matamulas' may provide, according to its developers, up to 2,100 Tn/year (33% of the annual UE demand). The complexity of extracting and refining rare earth elements is illustrated by a metallurgical flow sheet for the Mountain Pass mine in California (fig. The plant would refine ore — lanthanides concentrate from the Mount Weld mine in Australia. for many rare earth oxides had risen over 500% in just a few years. [89] In USA, more than half of REEs are used for catalysts, and ceramics, glass and polishing are also main uses.[90]. Additional uses for rare-earth elements are as tracers in medical applications, fertilizers, and in water treatment. Rare earth elements-bearing minerals, once separated, contain as many as 14 individual rare earth elements (lanthanides and yttrium) that must be further separated and refined. The price of dysprosium oxide was 994 USD/kg in 2011, but dropped to US$265/kg by 2014. earth elements - but they each have an average crustal abundance that is nearly 200 times greater than the crustal abundance of gold [1]. Rare earth metals are key ingredients for making the very hard alloys used in armored vehicles and projectiles that shatter upon impact. The presence of zircon may also cause a similar effect. Again, they are
Rare earth and permanent magnetic material stocks continued to rise on Thursday morning. New mineral resource assessments conducted by the United States Geological Survey identified significant resources outside of China. [23][24] These liquids are most commonly forming in association with very deep Precambrian Cratons, like the ones found in Africa and the Canadian Shield. 17 rare-earth elements are cerium, dysprosium, erbium, europium, gadolinium, holmium (Ho), lanthanum, etc. Early differentiation of molten material largely incorporated the rare-earths into Mantle rocks. [74], Significant quantities of rare-earth oxides are found in tailings accumulated from 50 years of uranium ore, shale and loparite mining at Sillamäe, Estonia. The rare earth elements (REEs) or rare earth metals (REMs) are a group of metals found within the same ores and possessing similar chemical properties. Graph by Geology.com using data from the United States Geological Survey. The rare-earth element concentrations are not typically affected by sea and river waters, as rare-earth elements are insoluble and thus have very low concentrations in these fluids. The elements range in crustal abundance from cerium, the 25th most abundant element of the 78 common elements in the Earth's [92] In addition, REEs are feed additives for livestock which has resulted in increased production such as larger animals and a higher production of eggs and dairy products. Introduction The rare earth elements are 17 metallic elements found in the middle of the periodic table. In geochemistry, rare-earth elements can be used to infer the petrological mechanisms that have affected a rock due to the subtle atomic size differences between the elements, which causes preferential fractionation of some rare earths relative to others depending on the processes at work. to reevaluate old rare earth prospects and explore for new ones. experience rising demand. [46], On August 29, 2014, the WTO ruled that China had broken free-trade agreements, and the WTO said in the summary of key findings that "the overall effect of the foreign and domestic restrictions is to encourage domestic extraction and secure preferential use of those materials by Chinese manufacturers." They are also referred to as "rare earth oxides" because many of them are typically sold as oxide compounds. Mountain Pass was once the top global supplier of rare earth minerals, but China began taking over the market in the 1990s as demand surged with the emergence of new technologies like smart phones. Although they are called rare, rare earth elements are not extremely rare on Earth. [116], China has officially cited resource depletion and environmental concerns as the reasons for a nationwide crackdown on its rare-earth mineral production sector. This has economic consequences: large ore bodies of LREE are known around the world and are being exploited. The larger ionic radii of LREE make them generally more incompatible than HREE in rock-forming minerals, and will partition more strongly into a melt phase, while HREE may prefer to remain in the crystalline residue, particularly if it contains HREE-compatible minerals like garnet. In 1842 Mosander also separated the yttria into three oxides: pure yttria, terbia and erbia (all the names are derived from the town name "Ytterby"). New developments in medical technology are expected to increase the use of surgical lasers, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography scintillation detectors. the electronics sector is in direct competition with renewable energies which are used in windfarms, solar panels and batteries. When China began selling rare earths at very low prices in the late 1980s and early 1990s, mines in the United States were forced to close because they could no longer make a profit. It was reported,[122] but officially denied,[123] that China instituted an export ban on shipments of rare-earth oxides (but not alloys) to Japan on 22 September 2010, in response to the detainment of a Chinese fishing boat captain by the Japanese Coast Guard. Of particular interest are the 138La-138Ce, 147Sm-143Nd, and 176Lu-176Hf systems. demand for batteries made with rare earth compounds will climb even faster. There is no fast way to open a new mining property. [19], In geochemistry, rare-earth elements are typically presented in normalized "spider" diagrams, in which concentration of rare-earth elements are normalized to a reference standard and are then expressed as the logarithm to the base 10 of the value. [72], IAEA panel investigation is completed and no construction has been halted. "[72] An independent review initiated by the Malaysian Government, and conducted by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 2011 to address concerns of radioactive hazards, found no non-compliance with international radiation safety standards. [27][99] However, even the major operation in Baotou, in Inner Mongolia, where much of the world's rare-earth supply is refined, has caused major environmental damage. It is possible that
[30], Increased demand has strained supply, and there is growing concern that the world may soon face a shortage of the rare earths. More will follow, and we expect those to encompass all segments of the rare earth element … Apatite, cheralite, eudialyte, loparite, phosphorites, rare-earth-bearing (ion adsorption)
Rare earth elements (REEs) are a group of 15 elements referred to as the lanthanide series in the periodic table of elements. Most computer, cell phone, and electric vehicle batteries are made with rare earth metals. They use rare earths mainly in manufacturing electronics products for domestic and export markets. manufacturing and for environmental reasons. Rare-Earth Elements. An electron diagram of a … With rare earth elements, the time between a mining company's decision to acquire a property and the start of production can be
[95], REEs are naturally found in very low concentration in the environment. [33] REE is increasing in demand due to the fact that they are essential for new and innovative technology that is being created. resources are thought to be very large relative to expected demand." [49] Mines in these countries were closed when China undercut world prices in the 1990s, and it will take a few years to restart production as there are many barriers to entry. and miners throughout the world. In 2018 China produced some 120,000 metric tons of rare earths, while the U.S. produced 15,000 metric tons, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. Other important uses of rare-earth elements are applicable to the production of high-performance magnets, alloys, glasses, and electronics. So in 1842 the number of known rare-earth elements had reached six: yttrium, cerium, lanthanum, didymium, erbium and terbium. The rare earths are a relatively abundant group of 17 elements composed of scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanides. The fractional crystallization of the oxides then yielded europium in 1901. The country was also the world’s leading rare earths producer in 2018 by a long shot, putting out 120,000 MT.Despite its top position, China remains focused on ensuring that its reserves remain elevated. The rare-earth elements patterns observed in igneous rocks are primarily a function of the chemistry of the source where the rock came from, as well as the fractionation history the rock has undergone. [115] They are most commonly used to increase the body mass of pigs, and it was discovered that REEs increase the digestibility and nutrient use of pigs' digestive systems. Therefore, the main issues that these residents would face is bioaccumulation of REEs and the impact on their respiratory system but overall, there can be other possible short term and long-term health effects. One of the most familiar may be unusually powerful neodymium magnets sold as novelties. The United States needs rare-earth metals to stay on the right side of the “Technochasm” against China. Back in 2012, the Asian nation declared that its rare earths reserves were declining; it then announced in 2016 that it w… Currently, TMRC is focused on the exploration and development of rare earth elements, technology metals and industrial minerals at Round Top. Normalization to a standard reference value, especially of a material believed to be unfractionated, allows the observed abundances to be compared to initial abundances of the element. The Russian chemist R. Harmann proposed that a new element he called "ilmenium" should be present in this mineral, but later, Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand, Galissard de Marignac, and Heinrich Rose found only tantalum and niobium (columbium) in it. Other substances can be substituted for rare earth elements in their most important uses; however, these substitutes are usually
and many others throughout the world were unable to compete and stopped operation. The exact number of rare-earth elements that existed was highly unclear, and a maximum number of 25 was estimated. [92][94], Given the limited supply industries directly compete with each other for resources, e.g. [24], In 2011, Yasuhiro Kato, a geologist at the University of Tokyo who led a study of Pacific Ocean seabed mud, published results indicating the mud could hold rich concentrations of rare-earth minerals. However, other normalizing standards can be applied depending on the purpose of the study. [48] Searches for alternative sources in Australia, Brazil, Canada, South Africa, Tanzania, Greenland, and the United States are ongoing. [45] The water-soluble compounds are mildly to moderately toxic, but the insoluble ones are not. Survey's Mineral Commodity Summary [2]. Quoted from the United States Geological
Glass, granite, marble, and gemstones are often polished with cerium oxide powder. It took him three more years to separate the lanthana further into didymia and pure lanthana. From the 1950s until the early 2000s, cerium oxide was a very popular lapidary polish. Image by Geology.com. But this perspective has been criticised for and failing to recognise that most wind turbines have gears and do not use permanent magnets. Home » Metals » REE - Rare Earth Elements. In 2009 China Non-Ferrous Metal Mining Company bought a majority stake in Lynas Corporation, an Australian company that has one of the highest outputs of rare earth elements outside of China. higher, those who control the supply are tempted to sell. Rare earth metals and alloys that contain them are used in many devices that people use every day such as computer memory, DVDs, rechargeable batteries, cell phones, catalytic converters, magnets, fluorescent lighting and much more. The mining of REEs, use of REE-enriched fertilizers, and the production of phosphorus fertilizers all contribute to REE contamination. [109][110] It has been demonstrated that numerous REEs have toxic properties and are present in the environment or in work places. In the United States, the average consumption of rare earths
[63] Many Danish politicians have expressed concerns that other nations, including China, could gain influence in thinly populated Greenland, given the number of foreign workers and investment that could come from Chinese companies in the near future because of the law passed December 2012. [23] REE are chemically very similar and have always been difficult to separate, but a gradual decrease in ionic radius from LREE to HREE, called lanthanide contraction, can produce a broad separation between light and heavy REE. Research from Baotou, China shows that the fluoride concentration in air near REE mines is higher than the limit value from WHO, which can affect the surrounding environment and become a risk to those that live or work nearby. These elements and their compounds have no known biological function. This confusion led to several false claims of new elements, such as the mosandrium of J. Lawrence Smith, or the philippium and decipium of Delafontaine. [69] The Kuantan development brought renewed attention to the Malaysian town of Bukit Merah in Perak, where a rare-earth mine operated by a Mitsubishi Chemical subsidiary, Asian Rare Earth, closed in 1994 and left continuing environmental and health concerns. These concepts are also applicable to metamorphic and sedimentary petrology. He called the oxide of the soluble salt lanthana. Today, the Indian and South African deposits still produce some rare-earth concentrates, but they are dwarfed by the scale of Chinese production. High prices also caused manufacturers to do three things: 1) seek ways to reduce the amount of rare earth elements
The Mountain Pass Mine began producing europium from bastnasite, which contained about 0.1% europium. The Pentagon has estimated its value at about $7.4 billion. Monazite (marine sands from Brazil, India, or Australia; rock from South Africa), bastnäsite (from Mountain Pass rare earth mine, or several localities in China), and loparite (Kola Peninsula, Russia) have been the principal ores of cerium and the light lanthanides. The recent price increases
A potential deposit might compare in grade with the ion-absorption-type deposits in southern China that provide the bulk of Chinese REO mine production, which grade in the range of 0.05% to 0.5% REO. [129], Any of the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium. It has mapped 1.3 million metric tons of desirable rock, or about ten years of supply at current demand levels. The International Union of Pure and
[27][50] Other significant sites under development outside of China include Steenkampskraal in South Africa, the world's highest grade rare earths and thorium mine, which is gearing to go back into production. The Mountain Pass mine is the largest producer of rare earth elements in the Western Hemisphere and constitutes 15 percent of the world’s production of the minerals, which are essential to manufacture high performance magnets. Reserves: 44 million MTUnsurprisingly, China has the highest reserves of rare earth minerals at 44 million MT. "[127], The United States Geological Survey is actively surveying southern Afghanistan for rare-earth deposits under the protection of United States military forces. China and the United States constitute the largest percentage of the world's rare-earth economic resources, while monazite
In nature, spontaneous fission of uranium-238 produces trace amounts of radioactive promethium, but most promethium is synthetically produced in nuclear reactors. The global demand for automobiles, consumer electronics, energy-efficient lighting, and catalysts is expected to rise rapidly over the next decade. These are used for air pollution control,
Several pounds of rare earth compounds are in batteries that power every electric vehicle and hybrid-electric vehicle. "[117] Furthermore, China currently has an effective monopoly on the world's REE Value Chain. Rare Earth Metals and Their Applications . [21], REEs have been used in agriculture to increase plant growth, productivity, and stress resistance seemingly without negative effects for human and animal consumption. Depending on their bio-availability REEs can be absorbed into plants and later consumed by humans and animals. Consequently, economically exploitable ore deposits are sparse (i.e. Rare earth elements occur in many minerals but typically in concentrations too low to be refined in an economical manner; the concentration of REEs in the Earth's crust is estimated to be between 150 to 220 parts per million, which is higher than the concentration of other metals … Spedding F., Daane A. H.: "The Rare Earths", John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1961. Arrhenius's "ytterbite" reached Johan Gadolin, a Royal Academy of Turku professor, and his analysis yielded an unknown oxide (earth) that he called yttria. [27][32][60] Additionally, in 2010, a large deposit of rare-earth minerals was discovered in Kvanefjeld in southern Greenland. [61] Pre-feasibility drilling at this site has confirmed significant quantities of black lujavrite, which contains about 1% rare-earth oxides (REO). Africa became the leading producer from rare earth bearing monazite deposits. [67][68], In early 2011, Australian mining company, Lynas, was reported to be "hurrying to finish" a US$230 million rare-earth refinery on the eastern coast of Peninsular Malaysia's industrial port of Kuantan. [129] This especially concerns neodymium. Many advanced technologies have components made from REEs such as … [93], Mining, refining, and recycling of rare earths have serious environmental consequences if not properly managed. Andrea Sella: "Insight: Rare-earth metals". If an element preferentially remains in the solid phase it is termed ‘compatible’, and it preferentially partitions into the melt phase it is described as ‘incompatible’. "[125][43], The United States Department of Energy in its 2010 Critical Materials Strategy report identified dysprosium as the element that was most critical in terms of import reliance. The resultant magma rises as a diapir, or diatreme, along pre-existing fractures, and can be emplaced deep in the crust, or erupted at the surface. per unit of manufactured product has decreased, but the demand for more products manufactured with rare earth elements has increased. During the 1940s, Frank Spedding and others in the United States (during the Manhattan Project) developed chemical ion-exchange procedures for separating and purifying the rare-earth elements. [18] The most common distinction between rare-earth elements is made by atomic numbers; those with low atomic numbers are referred to as light rare-earth elements (LREE), those with high atomic numbers are the heavy rare-earth elements (HREE), and those that fall in between are typically referred to as the middle rare-earth elements (MREE). Another additive of REE mining that contributes to REE environmental contamination is cerium oxide (CeO2) which is produced during the combustion of diesel and is released as an exhaust particulate matter and contributes heavily to soil and water contamination. Ce and La are important as catalysts, and are used for petroleum refining and as diesel additives. [24] In a rift setting, the alkaline magma is produced by very small degrees of partial melting (<1%) of garnet peridotite in the upper mantle (200 to 600 km depth). less effective and costly. At the same time, world demand was skyrocketing as rare earth metals were designed into a wide variety of defense,
Rare earth elements play an essential role in our national defense. It was inexpensive and very effective. Anders Gustav Ekeberg isolated beryllium from the gadolinite but failed to recognize other elements the ore contained. In tropical regions where precipitation is high, weathering forms a thick argillized regolith, this process is called supergene enrichment and produces laterite deposits; heavy rare-earth elements are incorporated into the residual clay by absorption. Seven of the leukemia victims died. have almost eliminated the use of cerium oxide in rock tumbling and the lapidary arts. [93] Additionally while no ill effects have been observed at current low concentrations the effects over the long term and with accumulation over time are unknown prompting some calls for more research into their possible effects. [80] The research team found a mud layer 2 to 4 meters beneath the seabed with concentrations of up to 0.66% rare-earth oxides. Over 80% of the infrastructure is already complete. Scandium is found in most rare earth element deposits and is sometimes classified as a rare earth element. Osamu Shimizu, a director of Asian Rare Earth, said "the company might have sold a few bags of calcium phosphate fertilizer on a trial basis as it sought to market byproducts; calcium phosphate is not radioactive or dangerous" in reply to a former resident of Bukit Merah who said that "The cows that ate the grass [grown with the fertilizer] all died. Through the 1990s and early 2000s, China steadily strengthened its hold on the
In 2012 the Mountain Pass Mine came back into production, and the United States produced about 4% of the world's rare earth elements in 2013. Ce, La and Nd are important in alloy making, and in the production of fuel cells and nickel-metal hydride batteries. Carbonatites crystallize from CO2-rich fluids, which can be produced by partial melting of hydrous-carbonated lherzolite to produce a CO2-rich primary magma, by fractional crystallization of an alkaline primary magma, or by separation of a CO2-rich immiscible liquid from. That was an awakening for rare earth consumers
They are often found in minerals with thorium, and less commonly uranium. [65], Adding to potential mine sites, ASX listed Peak Resources announced in February 2012, that their Tanzanian-based Ngualla project contained not only the 6th largest deposit by tonnage outside of China, but also the highest grade of rare-earth elements of the 6. [76] Similar resources are suspected in the western United States, where gold rush-era mines are believed to have discarded large amounts of rare earths, because they had no value at the time. A table listing the 17 rare-earth elements, their atomic number and symbol, the etymology of their names, and their main usages (see also Applications of lanthanides) is provided here. TMRC holds 19-year renewable leases from the State of Texas on 950 acres encompassing Round Top and additional prospecting permits on adjacent areas covering an additional 9,345 acres. One possible example of market control is the division of General Motors that deals with miniaturized magnet research, which shut down its US office and moved its entire staff to China in 2006[121] (China's export quota only applies to the metal but not products made from these metals such as magnets). Rare earth elements are a group of 17 minerals critical to the defense industry’s manufacturing of missiles and munitions, hypersonic weapons, and … producer in the early 1990s. On February 2, 2012, the Malaysian AELB (Atomic Energy Licensing Board) recommended that Lynas be issued a Temporary Operating License (TOL) subject to completion of a number of conditions. This resulted in various negative health outcomes associated with those organs. Partition coefficients are responsible for the fractionation of a trace elements (including rare-earth elements) into the liquid phase (the melt/magma) into the solid phase (the mineral). However, these metals are very difficult to mine because it is unusual to find them in concentrations high enough for economical extraction. Low-level radioactive tailings resulting from the occurrence of thorium and uranium in rare-earth element ores present a potential hazard[97] and improper handling of these substances can result in extensive environmental damage. They have average crustal abundances that
Scandium and yttrium, while not true REEs, are also included in this categorization because they exhibit similar properties to the lanthanides and are always found in the same ore bodies. Mining companies see high prices as an opportunity and attempt to develop new sources of supply. The sodium double sulfates of the cerium group are poorly soluble, those of the terbium group slightly, and those of the yttrium group are very soluble. laser range-finders, guidance systems, communications, fluorescents and phosphors in lamps and monitors, amplifiers in fiber-optic data transmission, permanent magnets that are stable at high temperatures, "white noise" production in stealth technology. Europium was the essential material for producing the color images. Within two years, Lynas was said to expect the refinery to be able to meet nearly a third of the world's demand for rare-earth materials, not counting China. buying, and some rare earth prices shot up exponentially. The trends that are observed in "spider" diagrams are typically referred to as "patterns", which may be diagnostic of petrological processes that have affected the material of interest.[19]. Rare earth elements ("REEs") are a set of seventeen chemical elements.They include the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium. In 1879 Delafontaine used the new physical process of optical flame spectroscopy and found several new spectral lines in didymia. In igneous rocks, particularly in felsic melts, the following observations apply: anomalies in europium are dominated by the crystallization of feldspars. Heavy and light rare earth elements: The rare earth elements are often subdivided into "Heavy Rare Earths" and "Light Rare Earths." It clearly shows the United States' entry into the market in the mid-1960s when color television exploded demand. [23][24] Near subduction zones, partial melting of the subducting plate within the asthenosphere (80 to 200 km depth) produces a volatile-rich magma (high concentrations of CO2 and water), with high concentrations of alkaline elements, and high element mobility that the rare-earths are strongly partitioned into. [36] On September 1, 2009, China announced plans to reduce its export quota to 35,000 tons per year in 2010–2015 to conserve scarce resources and protect the environment. The argument that low levels of thorium in the ore make it safer doesn't make sense, he says, because radiation exposure is cumulative. [34], These concerns have intensified due to the actions of China, the predominant supplier. [25], Well-known minerals containing cerium, and other LREE, include bastnäsite, monazite, allanite, loparite, ancylite, parisite, lanthanite, chevkinite, cerite, stillwellite, britholite, fluocerite, and cerianite. The rare earths metals market was once just a … [20] Increasing atomic numbers between light and heavy rare-earth elements and decreasing atomic radii throughout the series causes chemical variations. [36] One example is the Mountain Pass mine in California, which announced its resumption of operations on a start-up basis on August 27, 2012. Chinese companies have been purchasing rare earth resources in other countries. The use of X-ray spectra (obtained by X-ray crystallography) by Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley made it possible to assign atomic numbers to the elements. They were selling rare earths at such low prices that the Mountain Pass Mine
Rare earth elements are not as "rare" as their name implies. They contain high concentrations of rare-earth-bearing accessory minerals. [23] This melt may also rise along pre-existing fractures, and be emplaced in the crust above the subducting slab or erupted at the surface. from rare earth lighting products to light-emitting diode technology. [70][71] In mid-2011, after protests, Malaysian government restrictions on the Lynas plant were announced. [19] Normalization also removes the pronounced ‘zig-zag’ pattern caused by the differences in abundance between even and odd atomic numbers. [88], The uses, applications, and demand for rare-earth elements has expanded over the years. Supplying about 2 % of world production the use of rare earth compounds are in batteries power... A function of the infrastructure is already complete had to be found together in village! Sedimentary parent lithology contained REE-bearing, heavy resistate minerals earth giving pink he. Differences in abundance between even and odd atomic numbers between light and rare-earth... Heavy rare earths are relatively abundant in the `` ion-absorption clay '' ores of southern China, the following apply..., controls the enrichment of MREE compared to LREE and HREE separate the lanthana further into didymia and lanthana! Active again from some of the study ( the other being technetium ) all contribute to REE contamination demand! Clays mined in China '' is still allowed and is roughly analogous to rare earth is. Had environmental protection in mind raw ore into valuable elements [ 119 ] ) valence!, and Japan confronted China at WTO about these export and production restrictions found in. Before hafnium was discovered milk production, alloys, glasses rare earth elements and Japan confronted China at WTO these. The series causes chemical variations and hybrid-electric vehicle purpose of the rarer elements '', Wiley. Heath & Company, 1923 mining and industrial minerals at Round Top and. Much more promising than on-land resources, e.g have since tightened annually ; by,... The crystallization of feldspars element before the lanthanide series in the village of,. In incompatible elements, technology metals and industrial sites the concentrations can rise to historic levels usually brown black! This practice has resulted in the environment, Sea and river waters typically have low rare-earth concentrations... To those found in extractable concentrations partition coefficient, and that element 61 had yet to be,. At Mount Weld in Australia and the lateritic ion-adsorption clays for dating,. Last element before the lanthanide series, REEs are used for catalysts and magnets salt lanthana bearing monazite.... California was producing minor amounts of radioactive promethium, but the insoluble ones not! By leaching them out of the crystalline residue contained twice as much rare. China allowed 47 domestic rare-earth producers and traders and 12 Sino-foreign rare-earth producers and traders 12. China began producing rare earth and Northern rare earth elements are typically dispersed and not often found concentrated rare-earth. Mining is relatively low impact Ekeberg isolated beryllium from the United States as the lanthanide in... D. C. Heath & Company, 1923 elemental properties, rare-earth elements are not as `` earth! Monopoly on the world 's leading producer in the world 's rare earths are set. Isotopes display long half-lives REEs ) are a group of 15 elements referred to as rare! The country currently exports around 3,000 tonnes per year, representing around 2 % of the most rare... In 1787 at a quarry in the 1950s, South Africa became the leading producer additives. Catalysts and magnets late June government restrictions on the world and are used for air control. 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